To visualize change, an often used formula is
:
P=Pressure: A first requirement is pressure flowing from a perceived need to do something differently and some pressure to do it. An example of an external source may be a budget cut. An example of an internal source may be a supervisor who sees an opportunity and seeks to rally the organization to achieve a goal.
V=Vision: A clear vision of where we want to go is required. This vision focuses the change efforts. Many an effort has suffered because while the need for change was clear, no one had a clear vision of what to do.
C=Current State: A realistic assessment of the current state of affairs is required. This identifies the areas requiring improvment.
AS=Achievable Steps: A gameplan is required on how to get where we decide we want to go.
Any one of the above that is missing will make better ways of doing business unlikely.
The R1 and R2 terms refer to the resistance to change divided by the the readiness for change. The more the readiness the greater the potential for change.
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Edgar Zapata, NASA Kennedy Space Center
Shuttle Process Engineering Directorate, Fluid Systems Division